Fig. 1. Given a cover image and a binary message, the HiDDeN encoder produces a visually indistinguishable encoded image that contains the message, which can be recovered with high …

The belief in the Hidden Imam is not only significant doctrinally among Muslims, but it also has had practical consequences including in social, cultural, political, military, and economic arenas …

Now that we know how to compute the joint probability of the observations with a particular hidden state sequence, we can compute the total probability of the observations just by summing over all possible …

We study the hidden curriculum in career and academic choices of first-generation college students. Our evidence combines large-scale administrative and survey data with exper-iments that vary …

Introduction Based on the title of this booklet, if you are expecting to read about secret “Bible codes” or obscure “biblical” messages, you might be . isappointed. Instead, we are going to lay out some …

Since the states are hidden, this type of system is known as a Hidden Markov Model (HMM). Our goal is to make e ective and e cient use of the observable information so as to gain insight into various …

However, if instead, each state can output different symbols where each symbol is associated with a certain probability, then the outputs are non-deterministic (hidden) and the resulting model is called …